鎶樺皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
鎶樺皠寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紝鏄敤閫忛彙浣滅墿閺＄殑鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆�
鍒嗙偤鍏╃ó椤�(l猫i)鍨嬶細鐢卞嚬閫忛彙浣滅洰閺＄殑绋�(ch膿ng)浼藉埄鐣ユ湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紱鐢卞嚫閫忛彙浣滅洰閺＄殑绋�(ch膿ng)闁�(k膩i)鏅嫆鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆備冀鍒╃暐寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�
鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗘槸棣栧厛閬�(yu菐n)铏曠殑鍏夌窔閫�(j矛n)鍏ョ墿閺＄殑鍑搁�忛彙锛岀1娆℃垚鍊掔珛銆佺府灏忕殑瀵�(sh铆)鍍忥紝鐩哥暥(d膩ng)浜庣収鐩告(j墨)锛涚劧鍚庨�欏��(g猫)
瀵�(sh铆)鍍忛��(j矛n)鍏ョ洰閺＄殑鍑归�忛彙锛岀2娆℃垚姝ｇ珛銆佹斁澶х殑铏涘儚锛岄�欑浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜庢斁澶ч彙銆�
鍥犲柈閫忛彙鐗╅彙鑹插樊鍜岀悆宸兘鐩哥暥(d膩ng)鍤�(y谩n)閲�锛岀従(xi脿n)浠ｇ殑鎶樺皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″父鐢ㄥ叐濉婃垨鍏╁浠ヤ笂鐨勯�忛彙绲勪綔鐗╅彙銆傚叾涓互闆�
閫忛彙鐗╅彙锛堟櫘閫氭秷鑹插樊鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺★級鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ渶鏅亶銆傚畠鐢辩浉璺濆緢杩戠殑涓�濉婂啎鐗岀幓鐠冨埗鎴愮殑鍑搁�忛彙鍜屼竴濉婄伀鐭崇幓鐠�
鍒舵垚鐨勫嚬閫忛彙绲勬垚锛屽皪(du矛)鍏╁��(g猫)鐗瑰畾鐨勬尝闀�(zh菐ng)瀹屽叏娑堥櫎浣嶇疆鑹插樊锛屽皪(du矛)鍏朵綑娉㈤暦(zh菐ng)鐨勪綅缃壊宸篃鍙浉鎳�(y墨ng)娓涘急
鍦ㄦ豢瓒充竴瀹氳ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)姊濅欢鏅�(sh铆)锛岄倓鍙秷鍘婚儴鍒嗙悆宸拰褰楀樊銆傜敱浜庡墿浣欒壊宸拰鍏朵粬鍍忓樊鐨勫奖闊�锛岄洐閫忛彙鐗╅彙鐨勭浉灏�(du矛)
鍙ｅ緫杓冨皬锛屼竴鑸偤1/15-1/20锛屽緢灏戝ぇ浜�1/7锛屽彲鐢ㄨ鍫�(ch菐ng)涔熶笉澶�?锛熻抖鍙埉?鍘樼背鐨勯洐閫忛彙鐗╅彙鍙皣鍏╁閫�
閺¤啝鍚堝湪涓�璧�锛岀ū(ch膿ng)闆欒啝鍚堢墿閺�锛岀暀鏈変竴瀹氶枔闅欐湭鑶犲悎鐨勭ū(ch膿ng)闆欏垎闆㈢墿閺� 銆傜偤浜嗗澶х浉灏�(du矛)鍙ｅ緫鍜岃鍫�(ch菐ng)锛屽彲閲�
鐢ㄥ閫忛彙鐗╅彙绲勩�傚皪(du矛)浜庝冀鍒╃暐鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺′締(l谩i)瑾�(shu艒)锛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)闈炲父绨�(ji菐n)鍠�锛屽厜鑳芥悕澶卞皯銆傞彙绛掔煭锛屽緢杓曚究銆傝�屼笖鎴愭鍍�锛�
浣嗗�嶆暩(sh霉)灏忚閲庣獎锛屼竴鑸敤浜庤鍔囬彙鍜岀帺鍏锋湜閬�(yu菐n)閺°�傚皪(du矛)浜庨枊(k膩i)鏅嫆鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺′締(l谩i)瑾�(shu艒)锛岄渶瑕佸湪鐗╅彙鍚庨潰娣诲姞妫遍彙绲勬垨
閫忛彙绲勪締(l谩i)杞�(zhu菐n)鍍�锛屼娇鐪肩潧瑙�瀵熷埌鐨勬槸姝ｅ儚銆備竴鑸殑鎶樺皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠兘鏄噰鐢ㄩ枊(k膩i)鏅嫆绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傜敱浜庢姌灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鎴愬儚
璩�(zh矛)閲忓湪鍚屾ǎ鍙ｅ緫涓嬫瘮鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″ソ锛岃鍫�(ch菐ng)澶э紝浣跨敤鏂逛究锛屾槗浜庣董璀�(h霉)锛屼腑灏忓瀷澶╂枃鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″強瑷卞灏�(zhu膩n)鐢ㄥ剙鍣ㄥ
閲囩敤鎶樺皠绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屼絾澶у瀷鎶樺皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″埗閫犺捣渚�(l谩i)姣斿弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″洶闆ｅ緱澶�锛屽洜?y脿n)姗愮潤鎸荤絺瓒堕檷鑶�?y艒u)璩�(zh矛)閫忛彙闈炲父鍥伴洠
锛屼笖瀛樺湪鐜荤拑灏�(du矛)鍏夌窔鐨勫惛鏀跺晱(w猫n)椤�锛屽苟涓斾富閺￠彙鐗囨渻(hu矛)鍥�?y脿n)姗逛簱围顗僱(f膩)鐢熷舰璁婏紝閫犳垚鍏夊(xu茅)璩�(zh矛)閲忎笉浣�锛屾墍浠ュぇ鍙ｅ緫
鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠兘閲囩敤鍙嶅皠寮�
浼藉埄鐣ユ湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�
鐗╅彙鏄渻(hu矛)鑱氶�忛彙鑰岀洰閺℃槸鐧�(f膩)鏁ｉ�忛彙鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�銆傚厜绶氱稉(j墨ng)閬�(gu貌)鐗╅彙鎶樺皠鎵�鎴愮殑瀵�(sh铆)鍍忓湪鐩彙鐨勫悗鏂癸紙闈犺繎浜虹洰鐨勫悗鏂癸級鐒﹂粸(di菐n)涓婏紝閫欏儚灏�(du矛)鐩彙鏄竴鍊�(g猫)铏涘儚锛屽洜姝ょ稉(j墨ng)瀹冩姌灏勫悗鎴愪竴鏀惧ぇ鐨勬绔嬭櫅鍍�銆備冀鍒╃暐鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑鏀惧ぇ鐜囩瓑浜庣墿閺＄劍璺濊垏鐩彙鐒﹁窛鐨勬瘮鍊�銆傚叾鍎�(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)鏄彙绛掔煭鑰岃兘鎴愭鍍�锛屼絾瀹冪殑瑕栭噹姣旇純灏�銆傛妸鍏╁��(g猫)鏀惧ぇ鍊嶆暩(sh霉)涓嶉珮鐨勪冀鍒╃暐鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″苟鍒椾竴璧�銆佷腑闁撶敤涓�鍊�(g猫)铻烘爴閳曞彲浠ュ悓鏅�(sh铆)瑾�(di脿o)绡�(ji茅)鍏舵竻鏅扮▼搴︾殑瑁濈疆锛岀ū(ch膿ng)鐐衡�滆鍔囬彙鈥濓紱鍥犳敎甯舵柟渚�锛屽父鐢ㄤ互瑙�鐪嬭〃婕旂瓑銆備冀鍒╃暐鐧�(f膩)鏄庣殑鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″湪浜洪(l猫i)瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)鑷劧鐨勬鍙蹭腑鍗犳湁閲嶈鍦颁綅銆傚畠鐢变竴鍊�(g猫)鍑归�忛彙锛堢洰閺★級鍜屼竴鍊�(g猫)鍑搁�忛彙锛堢墿閺★級妲�(g貌u)鎴�銆傚叾鍎�(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)鏄祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨�(ji菐n)鍠紝鑳界洿鎺ユ垚姝ｅ儚銆�
闁�(k膩i)鏅嫆鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
鍘熺悊鐢卞叐鍊�(g猫)鍑搁�忛彙妲�(g貌u)鎴愩�傜敱浜庡叐鑰呬箣闁撴湁涓�鍊�(g猫)瀵�(sh铆)鍍�锛屽彲鏂逛究鐨勫畨瑁濆垎鍔冩澘锛屽苟涓斿悇绋�ц兘鍎�(y艒u)鑹紝鎵�浠ヨ粛鐢�
鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�锛屽皬鍨嬪ぉ鏂囨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄瓑绱�(j铆)鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺￠兘閲囩敤姝ょó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆備絾閫欑ó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎴愬儚鏄�掔珛鐨�锛屾墍浠ヨ鍦ㄤ腑闁撳
鍔犳鍍忕郴绲�(t菕ng)銆�
姝ｅ儚绯荤当(t菕ng)鍒嗙偤鍏╅(l猫i)锛氭１閺℃鍍忕郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜岄�忛彙姝ｅ儚绯荤当(t菕ng)銆傛垜鍊戝父瑕�(ji脿n)鐨勫墠瀵悗绐勭殑鍏稿瀷闆欑瓛鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺℃棦閲囩敤浜嗛洐鐩�
瑙掓１鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠彙姝ｅ儚绯荤当(t菕ng)銆傞�欑ó绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫劒(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)鏄湪姝ｅ儚鐨勫悓鏅�(sh铆)灏囧厜杌稿叐娆℃姌鐤�锛屽緸鑰屽ぇ澶ф笡灏忎簡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑楂旂⿳
鍜岄噸閲�銆傞�忛彙姝ｅ儚绯荤当(t菕ng)閲囩敤涓�绲勫京(f霉)闆滅殑閫忛彙渚�(l谩i)灏囧儚鍊掕綁(zhu菐n)锛屾垚鏈純楂�锛屼絾淇勭緟鏂�20脳50涓夌瘈(ji茅)浼哥府鍙ゅ吀鍨嬪柈绛�
鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺℃棦閲囩敤瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)绮捐壇鐨勯�忛彙姝ｅ儚绯荤当(t菕ng)銆�
姝峰彶
1611骞�锛屽痉鍦�(gu贸)澶╂枃瀛�(xu茅)瀹堕枊(k膩i)鏅嫆鐢ㄥ叐鐗囬洐鍑搁�忛彙鍒嗗垾浣滅偤鐗╅彙鍜岀洰閺★紝浣挎斁澶у�嶆暩(sh霉)鏈変簡鏄庨’鐨勬彁楂�锛屼互鍚庝汉
鍊戝皣閫欑ó鍏夊(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)绋�(ch膿ng)鐐洪枊(k膩i)鏅嫆寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�銆備汉鍊戠敤鐨勬姌灏勫紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠倓鏄�欏叐绋舰寮�锛屽ぉ鏂囨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺′竴鑸槸閲囩敤
闁�(k膩i)鏅嫆寮忋��
闇�瑕佹寚鍑虹殑鏄�锛岀敱浜庣暥(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺￠噰鐢ㄥ柈鍊�(g猫)閫忛彙浣滅偤鐗╅彙锛屽瓨鍦ㄥ毚(y谩n)閲嶇殑鑹插樊锛岀偤浜嗙嵅寰楀ソ鐨勮娓�(c猫)鏁堟灉锛岄渶
瑕佺敤鏇茬巼闈炲父灏忕殑閫忛彙锛岄�欏嫝(sh矛)蹇呮渻(hu矛)閫犳垚閺¤韩鐨勫姞闀�(zh菐ng)銆傛墍浠ュ湪寰堥暦(zh菐ng)鐨勪竴娈垫檪(sh铆)闁撳収(n猫i)锛屽ぉ鏂囧(xu茅)瀹朵竴鐩村湪澶�(m猫ng)鎯冲埗浣�
鏇撮暦(zh菐ng)鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紝瑷卞鍢楄│鍧囦互澶辨晽鍛婄祩銆�
1757骞�锛屾潨闅嗛�氶亷(gu貌)鐮旂┒鐜荤拑鍜屾按鐨勬姌灏勫拰鑹叉暎锛屽缓绔嬩簡娑堣壊宸�忛彙鐨勭悊璜栧熀绀�(ch菙)锛屽苟鐢ㄥ啎鐗岀幓鐠冨拰鐏煶鐜荤拑
鍒堕�犱簡娑堣壊宸�忛彙銆傚緸姝わ紝娑堣壊宸姌灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″畬鍏ㄥ彇浠ｄ簡闀�(zh菐ng)閺¤韩鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆備絾鏄紝鐢变簬鎶�琛�(sh霉)鏂归潰鐨勯檺鍒�锛屽緢
闆ｉ憚閫犺純澶х殑鐏煶鐜荤拑锛屽湪娑堣壊宸湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鍒濇湡锛屾渶澶氬彧鑳界（鍒跺嚭10鍘樼背鐨勯�忛彙銆�
閫忛彙閺＄墖灏�(du矛)绱绱呭娉㈡鐨勮蓟灏勫惛鏀跺緢鍘插銆傝�屽法澶х殑鍏夊(xu茅)鐜荤拑婢嗗埗涔熷崄鍒嗗洶闆�锛屽埌1897骞磋憠鍑卞＋1绫冲彛
寰戞湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″缓鎴�锛屾姌灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鐧�(f膩)灞曢仈(d谩)鍒颁簡闋傞粸(di菐n)锛屾鍚庣殑閫欎竴鐧惧勾涓啀涔熸矑(m茅i)鏈夋洿澶х殑鎶樺皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″嚭鐝�(xi脿n)銆傞�欎富
瑕佹槸鍥�?y脿n)闁哄嫙澶筭(sh霉)涓婄劇(w煤)娉曢憚閫犲嚭澶у瀹岀編鐒�(w煤)缂虹殑鐜荤拑鍋氶�忛彙锛屽苟涓旓紝鐢变簬閲嶅姏浣垮ぇ灏哄閫忛彙鐨勮畩褰㈡渻(hu矛)闈炲父鏄�
椤�锛屽洜鑰屽柂澶辨槑閵崇殑鐒﹂粸(di菐n)銆�
鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
鏄敤鍑归潰鍙嶅皠閺′綔鐗╅彙鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�?锛熺厼璀冩锝嶥鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺★紝鍗″鏍兼灄鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄瓑骞剧ó椤�(l猫i)鍨�銆備絾鐐轰簡娓涘皬鍏跺畠鍍忓樊
鐨勫奖闊�锛屽彲鐢ㄨ鍫�(ch菐ng)杓冨皬銆傚皪(du矛)鍒堕�犲弽灏勯彙鐨勬潗鏂欏彧瑕佹眰鑶ㄨ劰绯绘暩(sh霉)杓冨皬銆佹噳(y墨ng)鍔涘皬鍜屼究浜庣（鍒�銆傜（濂界殑鍙嶅皠閺′竴
鑸湪琛ㄩ潰閸嶄竴灞ら媮鑶�锛岄媮鑶滃湪2000-9000鍩冩尝娈佃寖鍦嶇殑鍙嶅皠鐜囬兘澶т簬80%锛屽洜鑰岄櫎鍏夊(xu茅)娉㈡澶栵紝鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
閭勯仼浜庡皪(du矛)杩戠磪澶栧拰杩戠传澶栨尝娈甸��(j矛n)琛岀爺绌�銆傚弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鐩稿皪(du矛)鍙ｅ緫鍙互鍋氬緱杓冨ぇ锛屼富鐒﹂粸(di菐n)寮忓弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鐩�
灏�(du矛)鍙ｅ緫绱勭偤1/5-1/2.5锛岀敋鑷虫洿澶�锛岃�屼笖闄ょ墰闋撴湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″锛岄彙绛掔殑闀�(zh菐ng)搴︽瘮绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勭劍璺濊鐭緱澶氾紝鍔犱笂涓婚彙
鍙湁涓�鍊�(g猫)琛ㄩ潰闇�瑕佸姞宸�锛岄�欏氨澶уぇ闄嶄綆浜嗛�犲児(ji脿)鍜屽埗閫犵殑鍥伴洠锛屽洜姝ゅ彛寰戝ぇ浜�1.34绫崇殑鍏夊(xu茅)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″叏閮ㄦ槸鍙�
灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�銆備竴鏋惰純澶у彛寰戠殑鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�锛岄�氶亷(gu貌)璁婃彌涓嶅悓鐨勫壇閺�锛屽彲鐛插緱涓荤劍榛�(di菐n)绯荤当(t菕ng)(鎴栫墰闋撶郴绲�(t菕ng))銆佸崱濉炴牸
鏋楃郴绲�(t菕ng)鍜屾姌杌哥郴绲�(t菕ng)銆傞�欐ǎ锛屼竴鏋舵湜閬�(yu菐n)閺′究鍙嵅寰楀咕绋笉鍚岀殑鐩稿皪(du矛)鍙ｅ緫鍜岃鍫�(ch菐ng)銆傚弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺′富瑕佺敤浜庡ぉ楂旂墿
鐞嗘柟闈㈢殑宸ヤ綔銆�
姝峰彶
鏋跺弽灏勫紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺¤獣鐢熶簬1668骞�锛岀墰闋撴焙瀹氶噰鐢ㄧ悆闈㈠弽灏勯彙浣滅偤涓婚彙銆備粬鐢�2.5鍘樼背鐩村緫鐨勯噾灞�锛岀（鍒�
鎴愪竴濉婂嚬闈㈠弽灏勯彙锛屼娇缍�(j墨ng)涓婚彙鍙嶅皠鍚庣殑鏈�(hu矛)鑱氬厜缍�(j墨ng)鍙嶅皠閺′互90掳瑙掑弽灏勫嚭閺＄瓛鍚庡埌閬�(d谩)鐩彙銆傞�欑ó绯荤当(t菕ng)绋�(ch膿ng)鐐虹墰
闋撳紡鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆傚畠鐨勭悆闈㈤彙闆栫劧鏈�(hu矛)鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熶竴瀹氱殑璞″樊锛屼絾鐢ㄥ弽灏勯彙浠ｆ浛鎶樺皠閺″嵒鏄竴鍊�(g猫)宸ㄥぇ鐨勬垚鍔�銆�
瑭瑰鏂锋牸闆锋垐閲屽湪1663骞存彁鍑轰竴绋柟妗堬細鍒╃敤涓�闈富閺�锛屼竴闈㈠壇閺�锛屽畠鍊戝潎鐐哄嚬闈㈤彙锛屽壇閺＄疆浜庝富閺＄殑
鐒﹂粸(di菐n)涔嬪锛屽苟鍦ㄤ富閺＄殑涓ぎ鐣欐湁灏忓瓟锛屼娇鍏夌窔缍�(j墨ng)涓婚彙鍜屽壇閺″叐娆″弽灏勫悗寰炲皬瀛斾腑灏勫嚭锛屽埌閬�(d谩)鐩彙銆傞�欑ó瑷�(sh猫)
瑷�(j矛)鐨勭洰鐨勬槸瑕佸悓鏅�(sh铆)娑堥櫎鐞冨樊鍜岃壊宸紝閫欏氨闇�瑕佷竴鍊�(g猫)鎷嬬墿闈㈢殑涓婚彙鍜屼竴鍊�(g猫)姗㈢悆闈㈢殑鍓彙锛岄�欏湪鐞嗚珫涓婃槸姝ｇ⒑
鐨�锛屼絾鐣�(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鐨勫埗閫犳按骞冲嵒鐒�(w煤)娉曢仈(d谩)鍒伴�欑ó瑕佹眰锛屾墍浠ユ牸闆锋垐閲岀劇(w煤)娉曞緱鍒板皪(du矛)浠栨湁鐢ㄧ殑閺″瓙銆�
1672骞达紝娉曞湅(gu贸)浜哄崱濉炴牸鏋楁彁鍑轰簡鍙嶅皠寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑绗笁绋ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鏂规锛岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囨牸闆锋垐閲屾湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄浉浼硷紝涓嶅悓鐨勬槸
鍓彙鎻愬墠鍒颁富閺＄劍榛�(di菐n)涔嬪墠锛屽苟鐐哄嚫闈㈤彙锛岄�欏氨鏄従(xi脿n)鍦ㄦ渶甯哥敤鐨勫崱璩芥牸鏋楀紡鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆傞�欐ǎ浣跨稉(j墨ng)鍓彙閺″弽
灏勭殑鍏夌◢鏈変簺鐧�(f膩)鏁ｏ紝闄嶄綆浜嗘斁澶х巼锛屼絾鏄畠娑堥櫎浜嗙悆宸�锛岄�欐ǎ鍒朵綔鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠倓鍙互浣跨劍璺濆緢鐭�銆�
鍗″鏍兼灄寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑涓婚彙鍜屽壇閺″彲浠ユ湁澶氱ó涓嶅悓鐨勫舰寮�锛屽厜瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц兘涔熸湁鎵�宸暟銆傜敱浜庡崱濉炴牸鏋楀紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄劍
璺濋暦(zh菐ng)鑰岄彙韬煭锛屾斁澶у�嶇巼涔熷ぇ锛屾墍寰楀湒璞℃竻鏅�锛涙棦鏈夊崱濉炴牸鏋楃劍榛�(di菐n)锛屽彲鐢ㄤ締(l谩i)鐮旂┒灏忚鍫�(ch菐ng)鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫ぉ楂�锛屽張鍙厤
缃墰闋撶劍榛�(di菐n)锛岀敤浠ユ媿鏀濆ぇ闈㈢⿳鐨勫ぉ楂�銆傚洜姝わ紝鍗″鏍兼灄寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″緱鍒颁簡闈炲父寤ｆ硾鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
1918骞存湯锛屽彛寰戠偤254鍘樼背鐨勮儭鍏嬫湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃姇鍏ヤ娇鐢紝閫欐槸鐢辨捣鐖句富鎸佸缓閫犵殑銆傚ぉ鏂囧(xu茅)瀹剁敤閫欐灦鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
娆℃彮绀轰簡閵�娌崇郴鐨勭湡瀵�(sh铆)澶у皬鍜屾垜鍊�?c猫)璋勬覆鍏搭娊骞嶅鎭㈣尗顑撻籍姗瑰尵顎旀皷?锛屽搱鍕冪殑瀹囧畽鑶ㄨ劰鐞嗚珫灏辨槸鐢ㄨ儭鍏�?/FONT>
閬�(yu菐n)閺¤娓�(c猫)鐨勭祼(ji茅)鏋�銆�
浜屽崄涓栫磤(j矛)浜�銆佷笁鍗佸勾浠ｏ紝鑳″厠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑鎴愬姛婵�鐧�(f膩)浜嗗ぉ鏂囧(xu茅)瀹跺缓閫犳洿澶у弽灏勫紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑鐔辨儏銆�1948骞达紝缇庡湅(gu贸)
寤洪�犱簡鍙ｅ緫鐐�508鍘樼背鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�锛岀偤浜嗙磤(j矛)蹇靛崜瓒婄殑鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″埗閫犲ぇ甯捣鐖�锛屽皣瀹冨懡鍚嶇偤娴风埦鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆傚緸瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鍒�
鍒堕�犲畬鎴愭捣鐖炬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄稉(j墨ng)姝蜂簡浜屽崄澶氬勾锛岀洝绠″畠姣旇儭鍏嬫湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄湅寰楁洿閬�(yu菐n)锛屽垎杈ㄨ兘鍔涙洿寮�(qi谩ng)锛屼絾瀹冨苟娌�(m茅i)鏈変娇浜洪(l猫i)
灏�(du矛)瀹囧畽鐨勬湁鏇存柊鐨勮獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)銆傛濡傞樋瑗挎懇澶墍瑾�(shu艒)锛�"娴风埦鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺★紙1948骞达級灏辫薄鍗婂��(g猫)涓栫磤(j矛)浠ュ墠鐨勮憠鍑卞＋鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
锛�1897骞达級涓�妯�锛屼技涔庨爯(y霉)鍏嗚憲涓�绋壒瀹氶(l猫i)鍨嬬殑鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″凡缍�(j墨ng)蹇櫦(f膩)灞曞埌瀹冪殑鐩￠牠浜�"銆傚湪1976骞村墠铇囪伅(li谩n)寤洪�犱簡
涓�鏋�600鍘樼背鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紝浣嗗畠鐧�(f膩)鎻殑浣滅敤閭勪笉濡傛捣鐖炬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�锛岄�欎篃鍗拌瓑浜嗛樋瑗挎懇澶墍瑾�(shu艒)鐨勮┍銆�
鍙嶅皠寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃湁瑷卞鍎�(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)锛屾瘮濡傦細娌�(m茅i)鏈夎壊宸紝鑳藉湪寤ｆ硾鐨勫彲瑕�(ji脿n)鍏夎寖鍦嶅収(n猫i)瑷橀寗澶╅珨鐧�(f膩)鍑虹殑淇℃伅锛屼笖鐩稿皪(du矛)浜庢姌
灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃瘮杓冨鏄撳埗浣溿�備絾鐢变簬瀹冧篃瀛樺湪鍥烘湁鐨勪笉瓒筹細濡傚彛寰戣秺澶�锛岃鍫�(ch菐ng)瓒婂皬锛岀墿閺￠渶瑕佸畾鏈熼崓鑶滅瓑銆�
鎶樺弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃槸鍦ㄧ悆闈㈠弽灏勯彙鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓婏紝鍐嶅姞鍏ョ敤浜庢牎姝ｅ儚宸殑鎶樺皠鍏冧欢锛屽彲浠ラ伩鍏嶅洶闆ｇ殑澶у瀷闈炵悆闈㈠姞宸�锛屽張鑳界嵅寰楄壇濂界殑鍍忚唱(zh矛)閲忋�傛瘮杓冪殑鏈夋柦瀵嗙壒鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″畠鍦ㄧ悆闈㈠弽灏勯彙鐨勭悆蹇冧綅缃檿鏀剧疆涓�鏂藉瘑鐗规牎姝ｆ澘銆傚畠鏄竴鍊�(g猫)闈㈡槸骞抽潰锛屽彟涓�鍊�(g猫)闈㈡槸杓曞害璁婂舰鐨勯潪鐞冮潰锛屼娇鍏夋潫鐨勪腑蹇冮儴鍒嗙暐鏈夋渻(hu矛)鑱�锛岃�屽鍦嶉儴鍒嗙暐鏈夌櫦(f膩)鏁ｏ紝姝ｅソ鐭鐞冨樊鍜屽綏宸�銆傞倓鏈変竴绋Μ鍏嬭槆鎵樺か鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄悆闈㈠弽灏勯彙鍓嶉潰鍔犱竴鍊�(g猫)褰庢湀鍨嬮�忛彙锛岄伕鎿囧悎閬╃殑褰庢湀閫忛彙鐨勫弮鏁�(sh霉)鍜屼綅缃�锛屽彲浠ュ悓鏅�(sh铆)鏍℃鐞冨樊鍜屽綏宸�銆傚強閫欏叐绋湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑琛嶇敓鍨嬶紝濡傝秴鏂藉瘑鐗规湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�锛岃矟鍏嬧�曞姫鎭╃収鐩告(j墨)绛�銆傚湪鎶樺弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺′腑锛岀敱鍙嶅皠閺℃垚鍍�锛屾姌灏勯彙鐢ㄤ簬鏍℃鍍忓樊銆傚畠鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)鏄浉灏�(du矛)鍙ｅ緫寰堝ぇ(鐢氳嚦鍙ぇ浜�1)锛屽厜鍔涘挤(qi谩ng)锛岃鍫�(ch菐ng)寤ｉ棅锛屽儚璩�(zh矛)鍎�(y艒u)鑹�銆傞仼浜庡贰澶╂敐褰卞拰瑙�娓�(c猫)鏄熶簯銆佸綏鏄�銆佹祦鏄熺瓑澶╅珨銆傚皬鍨嬬洰瑕栨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺¤嫢閲囩敤鎶樺弽灏勫崱濉炴牸鏋楃郴绲�(t菕ng)锛岄彙绛掑彲闈炲父鐭皬銆�
姝峰彶
鎶樺弽灏勫紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺℃渶鏃╁嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜�1814骞�銆�1931骞达紝寰峰湅(gu贸)鍏夊(xu茅)瀹舵柦瀵嗙壒鐢ㄤ竴濉婂垾鍏蜂竴鏍肩殑鎺ヨ繎浜庡钩琛屾澘鐨勯潪鐞冮潰
钖勯�忛彙浣滅偤鏀规閺�锛岃垏鐞冮潰鍙嶅皠閺￠厤鍚�锛屽埗鎴愪簡鍙互娑堥櫎鐞冨樊鍜岃桓澶栬薄宸殑鏂藉瘑鐗瑰紡鎶樺弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�锛岄�欑ó
鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″厜鍔涘挤(qi谩ng)銆佽鍫�(ch菐ng)澶�銆佽薄宸皬锛岄仼鍚堜簬鎷嶆敐澶ч潰绌嶇殑澶╁崁(q奴)鐓х墖锛屽挨鍏舵槸灏�(du矛)鏆楀急鏄熶簯鐨勬媿鐓ф晥鏋滈潪甯哥獊鍑�
銆傛柦瀵嗙壒鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″凡缍�(j墨ng)鎴愪簡澶╂枃瑙�娓�(c猫)鐨勯噸瑕佸伐鍏�銆�
1940骞撮Μ鍏嬭槆鎵樺か鐢ㄤ竴鍊�(g猫)褰庢湀褰㈢媭閫忛彙浣滅偤鏀规閫忛彙锛屽埗閫犲嚭鍙︿竴绋(l猫i)鍨嬬殑鎶樺弽灏勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紝瀹冪殑鍏╁��(g猫)琛ㄩ潰
鏄叐鍊�(g猫)鏇茬巼涓嶅悓鐨勭悆闈�锛岀浉宸笉澶э紝浣嗘洸鐜囧拰鍘氬害閮藉緢澶�銆傚畠鐨勬墍鏈夎〃闈㈠潎鐐虹悆闈�锛屾瘮鏂藉瘑鐗瑰紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑
鏀规鏉垮鏄撶（鍒讹紝閺＄瓛涔熸瘮杓冪煭锛屼絾瑕栧牬(ch菐ng)姣旀柦瀵嗙壒寮忔湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″皬锛屽皪(du矛)鐜荤拑鐨勮姹備篃楂樹竴浜�銆�
鐢变簬鎶樺弽灏勫紡鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺¤兘鍏奸¨鎶樺皠鍜屽弽灏勫叐绋湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鍎�(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)锛岄潪甯搁仼鍚堟キ(y猫)浣欑殑澶╂枃瑙�娓�(c猫)鍜屽ぉ鏂囨敐褰�锛屽苟涓斿緱
鍒颁簡寤ｅぇ澶╂枃鎰�(脿i)濂借�呯殑鍠滄剾(脿i)銆�
棣厠铇囨墭澶湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�
涓�绋姌鍙嶅皠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺★箰1940骞村垵鐐鸿槆鑱�(li谩n)鍏夊(xu茅)瀹堕Μ鍏嬭槆鎵樺か鎵�鐧�(f膩)鏄庯箰鍥犳寰楀悕銆傝嵎铇厜瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺寘娌冪埦鏂篃骞句箮浜�
鍚屾檪(sh铆)鐛�(d煤)绔嬪湴鐧�(f膩)鏄庝簡椤�(l猫i)浼肩殑绯荤当(t菕ng)锕愭墍浠ユ湁鏅�(sh铆)涔熺ū(ch膿ng)鐐洪Μ鍏嬭槆鎵樺か-鍖呮矁鐖炬柉绯荤当(t菕ng)銆�
棣厠铇囨墭澶湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鍏夊(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)鍜屾柦瀵嗙壒鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠(l猫i)浼硷箰鏄敱涓�鍊�(g猫)鍑圭悆闈㈠弽灏勯彙鍜屽姞鍦ㄥ墠闈㈢殑涓�濉婃敼姝ｇ悆宸殑
閫忛彙绲勬垚鐨�銆傛敼姝ｉ�忛彙鏄悆闈㈢殑锕愬畠鐨勫叐鍊�(g猫)琛ㄩ潰鐨勬洸鐜囧崐寰戠浉宸笉澶э箰浣嗘湁鐩哥暥(d膩ng)澶х殑鏇茬巼鍜屽帤搴︼箰閫忛彙鍛�
褰庢湀褰箰鎵�浠ワ箰閫欑ó绯荤当(t菕ng)鏈夋檪(sh铆)涔熺ū(ch膿ng)鐐哄綆鏈堥彙绯荤当(t菕ng)銆傞仼鐣�(d膩ng)閬告搰閫忛彙鍏╅潰鐨勬洸鐜囧崐寰戝拰鍘氬害锕愬彲浠ヤ娇褰庢湀閫忛彙
鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻冻浠ヨ(b菙)鍎熷嚬鐞冮潰閺＄殑鐞冨樊锕愬悓鏅�(sh铆)鍙堟豢瓒虫秷鑹插樊姊濅欢銆傚湪鏁村��(g猫)绯荤当(t菕ng)涓仼鐣�(d膩ng)瑾�(di脿o)绡�(ji茅)褰庢湀閫忛彙鑸囩悆闈㈤彙涔嬮枔鐨�
璺濋洟锕愬氨鑳藉?q奴)锕�缁捀M(j矛n)琛屾牎姝ｏ細棣厠铇囨墭澶湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″厜瀛�(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫儚鏁ｅ緢灏忥箰浣嗗牬(ch菐ng)鏇叉瘮杓冨ぇ锕愭墍浠ュ繀闋堥噰鐢ㄥ拰
鐒﹂潰鐩哥鍚堢殑鏇查潰搴曠墖銆傚綆鏈堥�忛彙绗簩闈㈢殑涓ぎ閮ㄥ垎鍙（鎴愭洸鐜囧崐寰戞洿闀�(zh菐ng)鐨勭悆闈�(涔熷彲浠ユ槸涓�鍊�(g猫)鑶犲悎涓婂幓
鐨勯彙鐗�)锕愭(g貌u)鎴愬叿鏈夋墍闇�鐩稿皪(du矛)鍙ｅ緫鐨勯Μ鍏嬭槆鎵樺か-鍗″鏍兼灄绯荤当(t菕ng)锕愪篃鍙洿鎺ュ皣褰庢湀閺′腑澶儴鍒嗛崓閶佹(g貌u)鎴愰Μ鍏�
铇囨墭澶�-鍗″鏍兼灄绯荤当(t菕ng)銆傞Μ鍏嬭槆鎵樺か鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑涓昏鍎�(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)锕曠郴绲�(t菕ng)涓殑鎵�鏈夎〃闈㈤兘鏄悆闈㈢殑锕愬鏄撳埗閫狅箶鍦ㄥ悓
妯ｇ殑鍙ｅ緫鍜岀劍璺濈殑鎯呮硜涓嬶箰閺＄瓛鐨勯暦(zh菐ng)搴︽瘮鏂藉瘑鐗规湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鐭�銆傜己榛�(di菐n)鏄箷鍜岀浉鍚岀殑鏂藉瘑鐗规湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃瘮杓冿箰瑕栧牬(ch菐ng)
绋嶅皬锕斿綆鏈堝舰閫忛彙鐨勫帤搴﹁純澶э箰涓�鑸磩鐐哄彛寰戠殑1/10锕愬皪(du矛)浣跨敤鐨勫厜瀛�(xu茅)鐜荤拑鏈夎純楂樼殑瑕佹眰锕愬洜姝わ箰闄愬埗浜嗗彛
寰戠殑澧炲ぇ銆�
鐩墠锕愮殑棣厠铇囨墭澶湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″湪铇囪伅(li谩n)闃垮反鏂湒棣凹澶╂枃鑷�(t谩i)锕愬綆鏈堥�忛彙鍙ｅ緫鐐�70鍘樼背锕愮悆闈㈤彙鐩村緫鐐�98鍘�
绫筹箰鐒﹁窛鐐�210鍘樼背銆�
灏勯浕鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
鎺㈡脯(c猫)澶╅珨灏勯浕杓诲皠鐨勫熀鏈ō(sh猫)鍌�銆傚彲浠ユ脯(c猫)閲忓ぉ楂斿皠闆荤殑寮�(qi谩ng)搴�銆侀牷璀滃強鍋忔尟绛夐噺銆傞�氬父锛岀敱澶╃窔銆佹帴鏀舵(j墨)鍜岀祩
绔ō(sh猫)鍌�3閮ㄥ垎妲�(g貌u)鎴愩�傚ぉ绶氭敹闆嗗ぉ楂旂殑灏勯浕杓诲皠锛屾帴鏀舵(j墨)灏囬�欎簺淇¤櫉(h脿o)鍔犲伐銆佽綁(zhu菐n)鍖栨垚鍙緵瑷橀寗銆侀’绀虹殑褰㈠紡锛�
绲傜瑷�(sh猫)鍌欐妸淇¤櫉(h脿o)瑷橀寗涓嬩締(l谩i)锛屽苟鎸夌壒瀹氱殑瑕佹眰閫�(j矛n)琛屾煇浜涜檿鐞嗙劧鍚庨’绀哄嚭渚�(l谩i)銆傝〃寰佸皠闆绘湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃�ц兘鐨勫熀鏈寚妯�(bi膩o)
鏄┖闁撳垎杈ㄧ巼鍜岄潏鏁忓害锛屽墠鑰呭弽鏄犲崁(q奴)鍒嗗叐鍊�(g猫)澶╃悆涓婂郊姝ら潬杩戠殑灏勯浕榛�(di菐n)婧愮殑鑳藉姏锛屽悗鑰呭弽鏄犳帰娓�(c猫)寰急灏勯浕婧�
鐨勮兘鍔�銆傚皠闆绘湜閬�(yu菐n)閺￠�氬父瑕佹眰鍏锋湁楂樼┖闁撳垎杈ㄧ巼鍜岄珮闈堟晱搴�銆傛牴鎿�(j霉)澶╃窔绺介珨绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勪笉鍚�锛屽皠闆绘湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″彲鍒�
鐐洪�ｇ簩(x霉)瀛斿緫鍜岄潪閫ｇ簩(x霉)瀛斿緫鍏╁ぇ椤�(l猫i)锛屽墠鑰呯殑涓昏浠ｈ〃鏄噰鐢ㄥ柈鐩�(p谩n)鎷嬬墿闈㈠ぉ绶氱殑缍�(j墨ng)鍏稿紡灏勯浕鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�锛屽悗鑰呮槸浠�
骞叉秹鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐐哄熀绀�(ch菙)鐨勫悇绋祫鍚堝ぉ绶氱郴绲�(t菕ng)銆�20涓栫磤(j矛)60骞翠唬鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熶簡鍏╃ó鏂板瀷鐨勯潪閫ｇ簩(x霉)瀛斿緫灏勯浕鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺♀�斺�旂敋闀�(zh菐ng)鍩�
绶氬共娑夊剙鍜岀稖鍚堝瓟寰戝皠闆绘湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�锛屽墠鑰呭叿鏈夋サ楂樼殑绌洪枔鍒嗚鲸鐜囷紝鍚庤�呰兘鐛插緱娓呮櫚鐨勫皠闆诲湒鍍�銆備笘鐣屼笂
鐨勫彲璺熻工鍨嬬稉(j墨ng)鍏稿紡灏勯浕鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″叾鎷嬬墿闈㈠ぉ绶氱洿寰戦暦(zh菐ng)閬�(d谩)100绫�锛屽畨瑁濆湪寰峰湅(gu贸)棣厠鏂锋櫘鏈楀厠灏勯浕澶╂枃鐮旂┒鎵�
锛涗笘鐣屼笂鐨勯潪閫ｇ簩(x霉)瀛斿緫灏勯浕鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺℃槸鐢氬ぇ澶╃窔闄�锛屽畨瑁濆湪缇庡湅(gu贸)鍦�(gu贸)绔嬪皠闆诲ぉ鏂囪嚭(t谩i)銆�
1931骞�锛屽湪缇庡湅(gu贸)鏂版兢瑗垮窞鐨勮矟鐖惧(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)瀹ら噷锛岃矤(f霉)璨�(z茅)灏�(zhu膩n)闁�(m茅n)鎼滅储鍜岄憭鍒ラ浕瑭卞共鎿句俊铏�(h脿o)鐨勭編鍦�(gu贸)浜篕G路妤婃柉鍩虹櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛�
鏈変竴绋瘡闅�23灏忔檪(sh铆)56鍒�04绉掑嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍊肩殑鐒�(w煤)绶氶浕骞叉摼銆傜稉(j墨ng)閬�(gu貌)浠旂窗(x矛)鍒嗘瀽锛屼粬鍦�1932骞寸櫦(f膩)琛ㄧ殑鏂囩珷涓柗瑷�锛氶��
鏄締(l谩i)鑷妧娌充腑灏勯浕杓诲皠銆傜敱姝�锛屾鏂熀闁�(k膩i)鍓�(chu脿ng)浜嗙敤灏勯浕娉㈢爺绌跺ぉ楂旂殑鏂扮磤(j矛)鍏冦�傜暥(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)浠栦娇鐢ㄧ殑鏄暦(zh菐ng)30.5绫�銆侀珮
3.66绫崇殑鏃嬭綁(zhu菐n)澶╃窔闄�锛屽湪14.6绫虫尝闀�(zh菐ng)鍙栧緱浜�30搴﹀鐨勨�滄墖褰⑩�濇柟鍚戞潫銆傛鍚�锛屽皠闆绘湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑姝峰彶渚挎槸涓嶆柗
鎻愰珮鍒嗚鲸鐜囧拰闈堟晱搴︾殑姝峰彶銆�
绌洪枔鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
鍦ㄥ湴鐞冨ぇ姘ｅ閫�(j矛n)琛屽ぉ鏂囪娓�(c猫)鐨勫ぇ鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�銆傜敱浜庨伩闁�(k膩i)浜嗗ぇ姘ｇ殑褰遍熆鍜屼笉鏈�(hu矛)鍥犻噸鍔涜�岀敘(ch菐n)鐢熺暩璁婏紝鍥犺�屽彲浠ュぇ澶�
鎻愰珮瑙�娓�(c猫)鑳藉姏鍙婂垎杈ㄦ湰闋�(l菒ng)锛岀敋鑷抽倓鍙娇涓�浜涘厜瀛�(xu茅)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″吋浣滆繎绱呭銆佽繎绱瑙�娓�(c猫)銆備絾鍦ㄥ埗閫犱笂涔熸湁瑷卞鏂�
鐨勫毚(y谩n)鏍艰姹傦紝濡傚皪(du矛)閺￠潰鍔犲伐绮惧害瑕佸湪0.01寰背涔嬪収(n猫i)锛屽悇閮ㄤ欢鍜屾(j墨)姊扮祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)瑕佽兘鎵垮彈鐧�(f膩)灏勬檪(sh铆)鐨勬尟鍕�(d貌ng)銆佽秴閲�锛屼絾
鏈韩鍙堣姹傜洝閲忚紩宸�锛屼互闄嶄綆鐧�(f膩)灏勬垚鏈�銆傛灦绌洪枔鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″張绋�(ch膿ng)鍝堝媰鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺� 锛屼簬1990骞�4鏈�24鏃ョ敱缇庡湅(gu贸)鐧�(f膩)
鐝�(xi脿n)铏�(h脿o)鑸ぉ椋涙(j墨)閫佷笂闆㈠湴闈�600鍗冪背鐨勮粚閬�銆傚叾鏁撮珨鍛堝湏鏌卞瀷锛岄暦(zh菐ng)13绫�锛岀洿寰�4绫� 锛屽墠绔槸鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺￠儴鍒嗭紝鍚�
鍗婃槸杓斿姪鍣ㄦ锛岀附閲嶇磩11鍣�銆傝┎鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑鏈夋晥鍙ｅ緫鐐�2.4绫� 锛岀劍璺�57.6绫�锛岃娓�(c猫)娉㈤暦(zh菐ng)寰炵传澶栫殑120绱嶇背鍒�
绱呭鐨�1200绱嶇背 锛岄�犲児(ji脿)15鍎勭編鍏冦�傚師瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鐨勫垎杈ㄧ巼鐐�0.005 锛岀偤鍦伴潰澶ф湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑100鍊�銆備絾鐢变簬鍒堕�犱腑鐨�
涓�鍊�(g猫)灏忕枏蹇� 锛岀洿鑷充笂澶╁悗鎵嶇櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)瑭插剙鍣ㄦ湁杓冨ぇ鐨勭悆宸�锛屼互鑷村毚(y谩n)閲嶅奖闊夸簡瑙�娓�(c猫)鐨勮唱(zh矛)閲�銆�1993骞�12鏈�2锝�13鏃�
锛岀編鍦�(gu贸)濂��(j矛n)铏�(h脿o)鑸ぉ椋涙(j墨)杓夎憲7鍚嶅畤鑸摗鎴愬姛鍦扮偤鈥滃搱鍕冣�濇洿鎻涗簡11鍊�(g猫)閮ㄤ欢锛屽畬鎴愪簡淇京(f霉)宸ヤ綔锛岄枊(k膩i)鍓�(chu脿ng)浜嗕汉椤�(l猫i)
鍦ㄥお绌轰慨寰�(f霉)澶у瀷鑸ぉ鍣ㄧ殑姝峰彶銆備慨寰�(f霉)鎴愬姛鐨勫搱鍕冩湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″湪10骞村収(n猫i)灏囦笉鏂锋彁渚涙湁闂�(gu膩n)瀹囧畽娣辫檿鐨勪俊鎭�銆�1991
骞�4鏈堢編鍦�(gu贸)鍙堢櫦(f膩)灏勪簡绗簩鏋剁┖闁撴湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�锛岄�欐槸涓�鍊�(g猫)瑙�娓�(c猫)纬灏勭窔鐨勮缃�锛岀附閲�17鍣�锛屽姛鑰�1.52鐡�锛屼俊铏�(h脿o)鍌宠几
鐜囩偤17000姣旂壒/绉�锛屼笂闈㈣級鏈�4绲勬帰娓�(c猫)鍣�锛岃鍒嗚鲸鐜囩偤5鈥诧綖10鈥层�傚叾澹藉懡2骞村乏鍙�銆�
闆欏瓙鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
闆欏瓙鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺℃槸浠ョ編鍦�(gu贸)鐐轰富鐨勪竴闋�(xi脿ng)鍦�(gu贸)闅涜ō(sh猫)鍌欙紙鍏朵腑锛岀編鍦�(gu贸)鍗�50%锛岃嫳鍦�(gu贸)鍗�25%锛屽姞鎷垮ぇ鍗�15%锛屾櫤鍒╁崰5%锛岄樋
鏍瑰环鍗�2.5%锛屽反瑗垮崰2.5%锛夛紝鐢辩編鍦�(gu贸)澶у(xu茅)澶╂枃鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺¤伅(li谩n)鐩燂紙AURA锛夎矤(f霉)璨�(z茅)瀵�(sh铆)鏂�銆傚畠鐢卞叐鍊�(g猫)8绫虫湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄祫鎴�锛�
涓�鍊�(g猫)鏀惧湪鍖楀崐鐞�锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)鏀惧湪鍗楀崐鐞冿紝浠ラ��(j矛n)琛屽叏澶╃郴绲�(t菕ng)瑙�娓�(c猫)銆傚叾涓婚彙閲囩敤涓诲嫊(d貌ng)鍏夊(xu茅)鎺у埗锛屽壇閺′綔鍌炬枩閺″揩閫�
鏀规锛岄倓灏囬�氶亷(gu貌)鑷仼鎳�(y墨ng)鍏夊(xu茅)绯荤当(t菕ng)浣跨磪澶栧崁(q奴)鎺ヨ繎琛嶅皠妤甸檺銆�
澶櫧(y谩ng)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
鏃ュ啎鏄お闄�(y谩ng)鍛�?ch膿)顚¤潡巍鈥濄��?銆佹殫寮辩殑澶栧堡澶ф埃锛屽畠鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)寰�(f霉)闆�锛屽彧鏈夊湪鏃ュ叏椋熺櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑鐭毇鏅�(sh铆)闁撳収(n猫i)锛屾墠鑳芥
璩炲埌锛屽洜?y脿n)妯樼倻鐩忓楗伕鑿戜箖鎷垮鏈旂即鈶告禒铓殿拹娑為叺顜宧(yu菐n)閺″収(n猫i)銆�
1930骞存灦鐢辨硶鍦�(gu贸)澶╂枃瀛�(xu茅)瀹舵潕?yu脿n)W鐮斿埗鐨勬棩鍐曞剙瑾曠敓浜�锛岄�欑ó鍎�鍣ㄨ兘澶犳湁鏁堝湴閬帀澶櫧(y谩ng)锛屾暎灏勫厜妤靛皬锛屽洜
姝ゅ彲浠ュ湪澶櫧(y谩ng)鍏夋櫘鐓х殑浠讳綍鏃ュ瓙閲�锛屾垚鍔熷湴鎷嶆敐鏃ュ啎鐓х墖銆傚緸姝や互鍚�锛屼笘鐣岃娓�(c猫)鏃ュ啎閫愭几鑸堣捣銆�
鏃ュ啎鍎�鍙槸澶櫧(y谩ng)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄殑涓�绋紝20涓栫磤(j矛)浠ヤ締(l谩i)锛岀敱浜庡(sh铆)闅涜娓�(c猫)鐨勯渶瑕�锛屽嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗗悇绋お闄�(y谩ng)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�锛屽鑹茬悆鏈涢仩(yu菐n)
閺�銆佸お闄�(y谩ng)濉斻�佺祫鍚堝お闄�(y谩ng)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺″拰鐪熺┖澶櫧(y谩ng)鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄瓑銆�
绱呭鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺�
绱呭鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺★紙infrared telescope锛夋帴鏀跺ぉ楂旂殑绱呭杓诲皠鐨勬湜閬�(yu菐n)閺°�傚褰㈢祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鑸囧厜瀛�(xu茅)閺″ぇ鍚屽皬鐣�锛屾湁鐨勫彲
鍏间綔绱呭瑙�娓�(c猫)鍜屽厜瀛�(xu茅)瑙�娓�(c猫)銆備絾浣滅磪澶栬娓�(c猫)鏅�(sh铆)鍏剁祩绔ō(sh猫)鍌欒垏鍏夊(xu茅)瑙�娓�(c猫)鎴劧涓嶅悓锛岄渶閲囩敤瑾�(di脿o)鍒舵妧琛�(sh霉)渚�(l谩i)鎶戝埗鑳屾櫙
骞叉摼锛屽苟瑕佺敤骞叉秹娉曚締(l谩i)鎻愰珮鍏跺垎杈ㄦ湰闋�(l菒ng)銆傜磪澶栬娓�(c猫)鎴愬儚涔熻垏鍏夊(xu茅)鍦栧儚澶х浉寰戝涵銆傜敱浜庡湴鐞冨ぇ姘ｅ皪(du矛)绱呭绶氬儏
鏈�7鍊�(g猫)鐙圭獎鐨勨�滅獥鍙ｂ��锛屾墍浠ョ磪澶栨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″父缃簬楂樺北鍗�(q奴)鍩熴�備笘鐣屼笂杓冨ソ鐨勫湴闈㈢磪澶栨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″ぇ澶氶泦涓畨瑁濆湪
缇庡湅(gu贸)澶忓▉澶风殑鑾磵鍏嬩簽锛屾槸涓栫晫绱呭澶╂枃鐨勭爺绌朵腑蹇冦��1991骞村缓鎴愮殑鍑卞厠鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺℃槸鐨勭磪澶栨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�锛屽畠
鐨勫彛寰戠偤10绫�锛屽彲鍏间綔鍏夊(xu茅)銆佺磪澶栧叐鐢�銆傛澶栭倓鍙妸绱呭鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺¤浜庨珮绌烘埃鐞冧笂锛屾埃鐞冧笂鐨勭磪澶栨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑
鍙ｅ緫鐐�1绫�锛屼絾鏁堟灉鍗诲彲鑸囧湴闈竴浜涘彛寰戞洿澶х殑绱呭鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺＄浉鐣�(d膩ng)銆�
鏁�(sh霉)纰兼湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�
琚富娴佺鎶�濯掗珨瑭�(p铆ng)鐐衡�滅櫨闋�(xi脿ng)绉戞妧鍓�(chu脿ng)鏂扳�濅箣涓�锛岀敱浜庣祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)绨�(ji菐n)鍠�锛屾垚鍍忔竻鏅�锛岃兘澶犵敤杓冨皬鐨勬(j墨)韬暦(zh菐ng)搴﹀(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)瓒呴暦(zh菐ng)
鐒︾殑鏁堟灉锛屽湪鍔犱笂鍏堥��(j矛n)鐨勬暩(sh霉)纰煎姛鑳�锛屽彲浠ュ(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)杓冪偤娓呮櫚鎷嶇収閷勫儚鍔熻兘锛屽湪澶уぇ鎷撳浜嗘湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ牁(l菒ng)鍩�锛�
鍙互寤ｆ硾鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ湪鍋垫煡銆佽槌�(ni菐o)銆侀浕鍔�銆侀噹鐢熷嫊(d貌ng)鐗╀繚璀�(h霉)绛夌瓑銆�
鏁�(sh霉)纰兼湜閬�(yu菐n)閺″叿鍌欑殑鎷嶇収鍔熻兘锛屽彲浠ヤ繚瀛樹汉鐢熸绋嬩腑缍�(j墨ng)姝风殑鐪惧闆ｅ繕鐬枔锛屽湪缇庡湅(gu贸)锛屾娆剧敘(ch菐n)鍝佸唬鍙楅珨鑲查亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)
鏁欑反鍝�銆佺悆鎺��佺嵉槌�(ni菐o)浜�銆侀噹鐢熷嫊(d貌ng)鐗╄瀵熷摗銆佺嫨鐛垫剾(脿i)濂借�呬互鍙婁换浣曚竴鍊�(g猫)鏀濆奖銆佹敐鍍忔剾(脿i)濂借�呯殑闈掔潪銆傚湪涓湅(gu贸)锛�
閫欎竴闋�(l菒ng)鍩熺殑浣间郊鑰咃紝鐣�(d膩ng)灞瑆atchto绯诲垪鐨勯仩(yu菐n)绋嬫媿鏀濊ō(sh猫)鍌�锛屽挨鍏舵槸WT-20A绯诲垪鍜�30B绯诲垪锛岀洰鍓嶅湅(gu贸)鍏�(n猫i)寰堝鍏畨
銆佽粛璀�銆侀噹鐢熷嫊(d貌ng)鐗╀繚璀�(h霉)宸茬稉(j墨ng)鍒╃敤鏁�(sh霉)纰兼湜閬�(yu菐n)閺＄殑鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)锛屾噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄥ埌宸ヤ綔涓簡锛屽挨鍏舵槸鍏畨閮ㄩ杸(m茅n)锛屼粬鍊戝彲浠ヨ紩鏉剧殑
閬�(yu菐n)绋嬫媿鐓у彇璀�銆�
楂橀仈(d谩)5.1鐧捐惉(w脿n)鍍忕礌cmos鍌虫劅鍣ㄧ殑鍏�(n猫i)缃暩(sh霉)纰肩収鐩告(j墨)绲�(ji茅)鍚堝湪涓�璧风殑銆傚彲浠ュ揩閫熷苟绨�(ji菐n)鍠殑寰為潨鎱�(t脿i)楂樺垎杈ㄧ巼鐓х墖
(2594*1786)鎷嶇収杞�(zhu菐n)鎻涘埌鍙�30绉掗�ｇ簩(x霉)鏀濈浉銆傞�欒兘纰轰繚浣挎偍鎹曟崏鍒版晥鏋�銆傜収鐗囧拰閷勮薄瀛樺劜(ch菙)鍦ㄥ収(n猫i)瀛樹腑锛屾垨
sd鍗′腑锛屽苟鍙互閫氶亷(gu貌)鍙姌鐤婄殑娑叉櫠椤ず灞忔煡鐪�銆佸埅闄�銆侀�氶亷(gu貌)闆昏姗�(j墨)鏌ョ湅锛屾垨涓嶉渶瀹夎鍏朵粬杌熶欢灏囩収鐗囦笅杓�
鍒拌▓(j矛)绠楁(j墨)涓�傚厜瀛�(xu茅)閮ㄥ垎涓昏娴佽鐨勫�嶇巼鏄�35鍊嶅拰60鍊�锛屽苟涓斿彲浠ラ��(j矛n)琛岄珮浣庡�嶇殑鍒囨彌锛�( Windows 2000, XP
鎴朚ac鐒�(w煤)闇�椹�(q奴)鍕�(d貌ng)銆俉indows 98/98SE闇�瑕佸畨瑁濋﹨(q奴)鍕�(d貌ng))銆�
纭琗灏勭窔瑾�(di脿o)鍒舵湜閬�(yu菐n)閺�
2015骞达紝浣滅偤绌洪枔澶╂枃闋�(l菒ng)鍩熺殑閲嶈鐮旂┒鎵嬫锛屾垜鍦�(gu贸)鍦ㄥぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熺櫦(f膩)灏勪笂灏囧(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)闆剁殑绐佺牬銆傜敱涓湅(gu贸)绉戝(xu茅)闄㈤櫌澹�
銆佹垜鍦�(gu贸)楂樿兘澶╅珨鐗╃悊瀛�(xu茅)瀹舵潕鎯曠鐮斿埗鐨勪竴绋柊鍨嬬殑澶╂枃鏈涢仩(yu菐n)閺♀�斺�旂‖X灏勭窔瑾�(di脿o)鍒舵湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紙HXMT锛夊皣姝�
寮忓崌绌猴紝鎴愮偤鎴戝湅(gu贸)鐨勯澶╂枃琛�(w猫i)鏄�銆�
鈥滄寜鐓ц▓(j矛)鍔�锛屽皣鍦�2014骞村畬鎴怘XMT鐨勫叏閮ㄥ缓瑷�(sh猫)锛�2015骞村皣瀹冮�佸叆杩戝湴杌岄亾銆傗�濅腑鍦�(gu贸)绉戝(xu茅)闄㈤珮鑳界墿鐞嗙爺绌舵墍
鐮旂┒鍝�銆丠XMT琛�(w猫i)鏄熼甯瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺姪鐞嗗嫉闆欏崡鍦ㄦ帴鍙椼�婁腑鍦�(gu贸)绉戝(xu茅)鍫�(b脿o)銆嬭鑰呴噰瑷檪(sh铆)瑾�(shu艒)锛屸�滃ぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熶竴鑸寜鐓ф帰娓�(c猫)
娉㈡鍒嗙偤灏勯浕銆佺传澶栥�佄冲皠绶氬拰X灏勭窔澶╂枃琛�(w猫i)鏄�銆傛鍦ㄥ缓瑷�(sh猫)鐨勭‖X灏勭窔瑾�(di脿o)鍒舵湜閬�(yu菐n)閺★紙HXMT锛夊氨灞簬X灏勭窔澶�
鏂囪(w猫i)鏄�銆傜┖闁撳ぉ鏂囩櫦(f膩)灞曟鍙蹭笂锛屾渶鏃╀篃鏄緸X灏勭窔闋�(l菒ng)鍩熺獊鐮寸殑?锛�?BR>鈥滃緸鍔熻兘涓�锛屽ぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熷彲浠ュ垎鐐哄皥(zhu膩n)鐢ㄥ拰澶╂枃鑷�(t谩i)绱�(j铆)鍏╃ó銆傚皥(zhu膩n)鐢ㄥぉ鏂囨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃槸閲濆皪(du矛)鐗瑰畾鐨勭鐮旂洰妯�(bi膩o)瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)寤鸿ō(sh猫)鐨�
锛岃�屽ぉ鏂囪嚭(t谩i)绱�(j铆)鐨勫ぉ鏂囨湜閬�(yu菐n)閺℃惌杓夌殑鍎�鍣ㄥ氨姣旇純澶氾紝鍔熻兘鏇村姞寮�(qi谩ng)澶�锛屽彲娑夊強鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒鑼冨湇涔熸洿鍔犲唬銆傗��
HXMT灞簬灏�(zhu膩n)鐢ㄧ殑澶╂枃琛�(w猫i)鏄�锛岃(gu墨)妯℃瘮澶╂枃鑷�(t谩i)绱�(j铆)灏�銆傝垏鍏朵粬灏�(zhu膩n)鐢ㄥぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熺浉姣�锛孒XMT灞簬涓瀷灏�(zhu膩n)鐢ㄥぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熴��
涓婂ぉ寰�锛屽畠灏囦富瑕佹壙鎿�(d膩n)灏�(du矛)榛戞礊鐮旂┒锛屼互鍙婅垏榛戞礊鏈夐棞(gu膩n)鐨�锛屾瘮濡備腑瀛愭槦鐨勭爺绌�?锛�?BR>鍦ㄥ畤瀹欎腑锛屾湁寰堝妤电鐨勫ぉ楂�锛屾瘮濡傞粦娲�锛屽強鍏剁櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑涓�浜涙サ绔殑鐗╃悊閬�(gu貌)绋嬫槸鍦ㄥ湴闈笂鐒�(w煤)娉曢��(j矛n)琛岃│椹�(y脿n)鍜岃
娓�(c猫)鐨�銆傚洜姝�锛屽ぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熷氨鎴愪簡鍏朵腑鏈�閲嶈鐨勭爺绌舵墜娈典箣涓�銆�
鑷充粖锛屾搧鏈夊ぉ鏂囪(w猫i)鏄熺殑鍦�(gu贸)瀹跺拰鍦板崁(q奴)鍙互鍒嗙偤涓夊��(g猫)姊殜(du矛)锛屾闅�(du矛)鐢辩編鍦�(gu贸)鐛�(d煤)闋�(l菒ng)棰�(f膿ng)楱凤紝绗簩姊殜(du矛)鍖呮嫭姝愭床绌洪枔
灞�銆佹瓙娲插湴鍗�(q奴)涓�浜涘湅(gu贸)瀹�锛屼互鍙婃棩鏈�銆佷縿缇呮柉锛屼腑鍦�(gu贸)鑸囧反瑗�銆佸嵃搴︺�侀煋鍦�(gu贸)鍙婅嚭(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗�(q奴)灞簬绗笁姊殜(du矛)銆傚叾涓嵃
搴︽槸绗笁姊殜(du矛)涓妧琛�(sh霉)鏈�寮�(qi谩ng)鐨�锛岄爯(y霉)瑷�(j矛)涓�鍒板叐骞村収(n猫i)灏辨渻(hu矛)鐧�(f膩)灏勪粬鍊戠殑澶╂枃琛�(w猫i)鏄�锛岃�屽反瑗夸篃瑷�(j矛)鍔冨湪2014骞寸櫦(f膩)灏�銆�
