1 姒傝堪
鐔辩寮忓喎鍗绘妧琛�(sh霉)鐨勭櫦(f膩)鏄庡彲浠ユ函婧愪簬1942骞寸敵璜�(q菒ng)骞朵簬1944骞村叕甯冪殑缇庡湅(gu贸)灏堝埄锛岃�屽(sh铆)闅涗笂鏈�鏃╃殑鎴愬姛鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ槸鍦�1964骞寸編鍦�(gu贸)鐨勫畤鑸妧琛�(sh霉)涓�锛岄毃鍚庡湪鍚勫湅(gu贸)绉戝(xu茅)鐣岀殑鍔姏涓嬶紝鐔辩鎶�琛�(sh霉)鍦ㄧ悊璜栬ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)銆佸埗閫犲伐钘濅互鍙婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ牁(l菒ng)鍩熶笂閮藉彇寰椾簡妤靛ぇ鐧�(f膩)灞�銆傜洰鍓嶏紝浣滅偤涓�绋垚鐔熺殑鍐峰嵒鎶�琛�(sh霉)锛岀啽绠′綔鐢ㄩ珮鏁堝偝鐔卞厓浠跺凡鍦ㄨū澶氬伐妤�(y猫)闋�(l菒ng)鍩熷緱鍒版帹寤ｆ噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆傛垜鍦�(gu贸)寰炰笂涓栫磤(j矛)50骞翠唬鐢变腑绉戦櫌鍔涘(xu茅)鎵�绛夊柈浣嶉枊(k膩i)濮嬮枊(k膩i)灞曟闋�(xi脿ng)鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐨勭爺绌跺伐浣�锛屽苟闄哥簩(x霉)鐮斿埗鎴愬姛鍚勭ó鐔辩锛�80骞翠唬浠ュ悗鎴戝湅(gu贸)鏇村鍠綅鍙冭垏鐔辩鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐨勬噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ爺绌�锛岃�屼笖鍦ㄩ浕瀛愬伐妤�(y猫)銆佺┖闁撴妧琛�(sh霉)銆佽兘婧愬伐绋嬬瓑闋�(l菒ng)鍩熺嵅寰椾簡鎴愬姛鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ��
灏�(du矛)浜庣啽绠″湪闆绘(j墨)鐨勫喎鍗绘妧琛�(sh霉)涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ棭宸叉湁浜烘彁鍑�锛屽苟鍙栧緱浜嗕竴瀹氱殑鎴愭灉锛岄倓鐮斿埗鍑轰竴浜涘閲忔瘮杓冨皬鐨勯浕鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)妯ｆ(j墨)锛屼絾澶у鏁�(sh霉)宸ヤ綔浠嶈檿浜庤│椹�(y脿n)鐮旂┒闅庢锛岄洟瀵�(sh铆)闅涚敓鐢�(ch菐n)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄦ湁涓�娈佃窛闆��傜爺绌惰�呮垨鑰呭儏鏄彁鍑轰簡楂樺闆诲嫊(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鐔辩寮忓喎鍗诲櫒鐨勫彲琛屾�х爺绌惰珫鏂嘯1>锛屾垨鑰呭儏缍滆堪鎬у湴灞曟湜浜嗙啽绠℃妧琛�(sh霉)鍦ㄩ浕姗�(j墨)鍐峰嵒鏂归潰鐨勮壇濂藉墠鏅痆2>锛屼絾姝ｅ鏂囩嵒(xi脿n)[2>浣滆�呭崄骞惧勾鍓嶅湪鏂囩珷绲�(ji茅)瑾�(y菙)涓墍瑾�(shu艒)锛屸�滅啽绠″湪闆绘(j墨)鍐峰嵒涓殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄩ倓铏曚簬瑭﹂(y脿n)鎺㈢储闅庢锛岃│椹�(y脿n)闆绘(j墨)鐨勫閲忛兘姣旇純灏�銆傝瀵�(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)鐔辩鍦ㄩ浕姗�(j墨)鍐峰嵒锛堢壒鍒ユ槸澶т腑鍨嬮浕姗�(j墨)锛変腑鐨勫伐妤�(y猫)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛岄倓瑕佸仛澶ч噺鐨勭悊璜栫爺绌跺拰瑭﹂(y脿n)鍒嗘瀽宸ヤ綔?锛佽斀瑕�?c猫)璋禡(j矛n)琛屾闋�(xi脿ng)鈥滈珮澹撻浕鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鐔辩寮忓喎鍗诲櫒鐮斿埗鈥濊椤岀殑鐮旂┒銆侀枊(k膩i)鐧�(f膩)閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑锛屾矑(m茅i)鏈夊彲浠ユā浠跨殑鍏堜緥锛岄潬鎴戝�戣嚜宸辨帉鎻＄殑闆绘(j墨)瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鍜屽埗閫犲熀绀�(ch菙)浠ュ強鍏跺畠琛屾キ(y猫)鎴愬姛鐨勭啽绠℃妧琛�(sh霉)鎳�(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)锛屼緷闈犺壇閯�(xi膩ng)闆诲姏淇�犲粻闆勫帤鐨勯浕姗�(j墨)鐢熺敘(ch菐n)鑳藉姏锛屽畬鍏ㄩ潬鑷繁璧板嚭浜嗕竴姊濆ぇ涓瀷闆绘(j墨)鍐峰嵒鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐨勬柊璺�銆�
鐐烘锛屾垜鍊�?c猫)璇栫琛岄�忛倧寮樺Ρ?d貌ng)姗�(j墨)涓婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ啽绠″喎鍗绘妧琛�(sh霉)鏂归潰閫�(j矛n)琛屼簡鎺㈢储鎬ц│椹�(y脿n)鍜屾噳(y墨ng)鐢�銆�
2 鍦ㄧ伀闆诲粻澶т腑鍨嬮珮澹撻浕鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)涓婃噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄧ啽绠℃妧琛�(sh霉)鐨勫彲琛屾��
2.1 鍌崇当(t菕ng)鍒楃寮忓喎鍗诲櫒瀛樺湪鐨勫晱(w猫n)椤�
澶т腑鍨嬮珮澹撻浕鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鍐峰嵒鍣ㄧ洰鍓嶅唬娉涢噰鐢ㄥ垪绠″紡姘粹�旂┖鍨嬫垨绌衡�旂┖鍨嬬祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傞亱(y霉n)琛屾檪(sh铆)姘粹�旂┖鍨嬪喎鍗诲櫒鏄喎鍗荤鍏�(n猫i)閫氬喎鍗绘按锛岄浕姗�(j墨)鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ啽绌烘埃鍦ㄩⅷ(f膿ng)澹撶殑浣滅敤涓嬫祦閬�(gu貌)鍐峰嵒绠＄殑澶栬〃闈�锛岃垏绠″収(n猫i)鍐峰嵒姘撮��(j矛n)琛岀啽浜ゆ彌锛岄仈(d谩)鍒板喎鍗婚浕姗�(j墨)鐨勭洰鐨�锛涚┖鈥旂┖鍨嬪喎鍗诲櫒鑸囨按鈥旂┖鍨嬪喎鍗诲櫒鎻涚啽鍘熺悊涓�妯�锛屽彧鏄喎鍗荤鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫喎鍗绘按鏀规垚鍐峰嵒绌烘埃鑰屽凡銆�
鑻ラ噰鐢ㄧ┖鈥旂┖鎻涚啽锛屽嵆鐢ㄥ鐣屽喎绌烘埃鍐峰嵒闆绘(j墨)鍏�(n猫i)鐨勭啽绌烘埃锛岀啽绌烘埃璧扮澶�锛屽喎绌烘埃璧扮鍏�(n猫i)锛屽瓨鍦ㄧ殑鍟�(w猫n)椤屼富瑕佹槸绠″収(n猫i)鎻涚啽闈㈢⿳灏�锛屾祦鍕�(d貌ng)闃诲姏澶�锛屽喎鍗诲櫒閲嶉噺杓冮噸銆�
濡傛灉閲囩敤姘粹�旂┖鎻涚啽锛屽墖闆绘(j墨)鍏�(n猫i)鐨勭啽绌烘埃璧扮澶�锛屽喎鍗绘按璧扮鍏�(n猫i)锛屽畠瀛樺湪鍘熶富瑕佸晱(w猫n)椤屾槸锛�
鈼嗗皪(du矛)鍐峰嵒鍣ㄤ娇鐢ㄧ殑閵呯鏉愯姹傞珮锛屽惁鍓囧皣閫犳垚閵呯鐨勮劔閶呰厫铦�锛岀敱姝ゅ皫(d菐o)鑷存硠婕�锛屾紡鍏ラ浕姗�(j墨)鐨勬按鏈�(hu矛)閫犳垚闆诲嫊(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鍤�(y谩n)閲�?f霉)p澹炰簨鏁咃紱
鈼嗗皪(du矛)鍐峰嵒姘寸殑瑕佹眰楂�锛屽鏋滄按涓嶅共鍑堟垨澶惧付娉ユ矙瀹规槗鍫靛绠″瓙锛屽喎鍗诲櫒缍(h霉)閲忓ぇ锛岃瀹氭湡灏�(du矛)鍐峰嵒鍣ㄧ瀛愰��(j矛n)琛屾矕娲楀拰鎹呭埛锛屼竴鏃︾（鎼嶈嚧浣挎按婕忓叆闆绘(j墨)锛屽皣閫犳垚闆诲嫊(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鍤�(y谩n)閲�?f霉)p澹炰簨鏁咃紱
鈼嗙敱浜庢按婧綆锛屽緢瀹规槗鍑虹従(xi脿n)灞�閮ㄧ澹佹韩搴︿綆浜庨浕姗�(j墨)鍏�(n猫i)绌烘埃鐨勯湶榛�(di菐n)婧害锛屽嚌绲�(ji茅)姘村ぞ甯跺湪绌烘埃涓紝灏囨悕澹為浕姗�(j墨)鐨勭禃绶�銆�
2.2 浣跨敤鐔辩寮忕┖姘ｅ喎鍗诲櫒鐨勫劒(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)
鐔辩寮忓喎鍗诲櫒鑸囦笂杩板叐绋偝绲�(t菕ng)鍐峰嵒鍣ㄧ殑鎻涚啽鍘熺悊鎴劧涓嶅悓锛屽埄鐢ㄧ殑鏄喎鍗讳粙璩�(zh矛)鐗╂厠(t脿i)璁婂寲鏅�(sh铆)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鍘熺悊锛屽嵆鍐峰嵒浠嬭唱(zh矛)鐢辨恫鎱�(t脿i)璁�?y艒u)闂呴埗B(t脿i)鏅�(sh铆)闇�瑕佸惛鏀剁啽閲忥紝鐢辨埃鎱�(t脿i)璁婃垚娑叉厠(t脿i)鏅�(sh铆)闇�瑕侀噵鏀剧啽閲�銆傞�欐槸涓�绋叏鏂扮殑鍐峰嵒鏂瑰紡锛岀偤闆绘(j墨)鐨勫喎鍗婚枊(k膩i)杈熶簡鏂扮殑閫斿緫銆�
鐔辩寮忓喎鍗诲櫒浠ｆ浛甯歌(gu墨)鐨勫垪绠″紡鍐峰嵒鍣紝灏囧叿鏈変互涓嬪劒(y艒u)榛�(di菐n)銆�
a)灏�(du矛)浜庣┖鈥旂┖鍨嬫彌鐔憋細
鈼忓埄鐢ㄧ啽绠＄殑楂樺偝鐔辨�ц兘锛屽皣鍐风┖姘ｇ殑绠″収(n猫i)鎻涚啽杞�(zhu菐n)鎻涚偤绠″鎻涚啽锛岄�欐ǎ灏卞緢瀹规槗鎿�(ku貌)灞�
鎻涚啽闈㈢⿳锛屽緸鑰屾笡灏戝喎鍗诲櫒鐨勯珨绌嶅拰閲嶉噺锛�
鈼忕澶栨祦鍕�(d貌ng)闃诲姏灏忋��
b)灏�(du矛)浜庢按鈥旂┖鍨嬫彌鐔憋細
鈼忔按涓嶅湪姣忔牴绠″瓙鐨勭鍏�(n猫i)娴�锛岃�屽湪鐔辩鈥旂绠″娴�锛屽彧瑕侀殧鏉垮瘑灏佺殑濂�锛屽氨鍙互閬垮厤姘存紡鍒伴浕姗�(j墨)鍏�(n猫i)锛�
鈼忔瘡鏍圭啽绠￠兘鏄崹(d煤)绔嬬殑鍌崇啽鍏冧欢锛屽嵆浣跨敱浜庢按娌栫（鎼嶆悕澹烇紝姘翠篃涓嶆渻(hu矛)婕忓埌绌烘埃涓�鍋�(c猫)锛岄�欏氨鑳戒繚璀夐浕姗�(j墨)鐨勫畨鍏ㄩ亱(y霉n)琛�锛岃�屼笖锛屽皯鏁�(sh霉)鐔辩鐨勫け鏁堜笉鏈�(hu矛)灏�(du矛)鏁村��(g猫)瑷�(sh猫)鍌欑殑鎬ц兘鏈変粈涔堝奖闊�銆備笉鍍忓垪绠″紡鍐峰嵒鍣ㄤ竴鏃︽硠婕�锛屽繀闋堝仠姗�(j墨)铏曠悊锛�
鈼忚ō(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)涓婁究浜庤(di脿o)绡�(ji茅)鐔辩鐨勮〃闈㈡韩搴�锛屼互淇濇寔鍦ㄥ惊鐠�(hu谩n)绌烘埃鐨勯湶榛�(di菐n)婧害浠ヤ笂锛岄伩鍏嶅喎鍑濇按婊村嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ┖姘ｄ腑锛屼繚璀夊皪(du矛)闆绘(j墨)鐨勭禃绶ｈ姹傘��
2.3 鐔辩鎶�琛�(sh霉)鐢ㄤ簬闆绘(j墨)绌烘埃鍐峰嵒鍣ㄤ笂闇�瑕佽В姹虹殑鍟�(w猫n)椤�
鐢变簬澶у瀷闆绘(j墨)瑷�(sh猫)鍌欒姹傚繀闋堜繚璀夊畨鍏�銆佺┅(w臎n)瀹氱殑閬�(y霉n)琛�锛岀啽绠＄殑瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鍜屽埗浣滃繀闋堣婊胯冻鍙潬鎬ф柟闈㈢殑鑻涘埢瑕佹眰銆�
鐔辩寮忓喎鍗诲櫒鍦ㄩ珮澹撻浕鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)涓婄殑鎳�(y墨ng)鐢�锛屼富瑕佹妧琛�(sh霉)闆ｉ粸(di菐n)鏄啽绠″瀷寮�銆佹潗鏂欍�佸伐钘�銆佸昂瀵哥瓑瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)鍙冩暩(sh霉)鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楀拰閬告搰锛屼互鍙婂湪瀵�(sh铆)闅涙柦宸ユ敼瑁濇柟闈�锛岃姹傚湪鍘熸湁闆绘(j墨)鍒楃寮忓喎鍗诲櫒鐨勭┖闁撲笂閫�(j矛n)琛屾敼瑁濓紝鍐峰嵒鏁堟灉鍘熷墖涓婃噳(y墨ng)鍎�(y艒u)浜庡師鍐峰嵒鍣�锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)閭勮鑰冩叜鎺у埗鐢熺敘(ch菐n)鎴愭湰绛夊洜绱狅紝鐩￠噺绡�(ji茅)绱勮硣閲�銆�
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